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Victor Glushkov made a significant contribution to the development of fundamental researches in mathematics, cybernetics and computer technology. It created the theory of digital machines, discrete data converters, macro-pipeline computing, automated control systems, which became the foundation of the general theory of computing systems. Under his leadership there were developed a number of local computers and control systems based on them, software-technology systems and systems for data processing, that have found wide application. He offered new technologies for designing of computer and production of their element base. He founded a scientific school of theoretical cybernetics. In 1982 the Institute was named after V.M. Glushkov. |
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Founder and first director of the Institute of Cybernetics, academician V.M. Glushkov (1923-1982) |
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Volodymyr Sergiyovych Mikhalevich made a great contribution to theoretical and economic cybernetics and informatics. His works of the theory of optimal solutions, nonparametric statistics, development of mathematical tools of economic cybernetics and its practical application had great importance. He created and developed a method of successive analysis of alternatives, what essentially summarized the theory of statistical solutions and computational methods of dynamic programming. This method made possible to solve important economic problems in the planning, designing and control. His works helped to create high-performance computing systems, develop appropriate software, forming Informatics as science. V.S. Mikhalevich was initiator of development of the National Program of Informatization of Ukraine, the founder of scientific school of mathematical optimization. |
Director of the Institute from 1982 to 1994, Academician V.S. Mikhalevich (1930-1994) |
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Institute history began in 1957, when at the base of Laboratory for computational mathematics and technology and Institute of mathematics of the Academy of sciences of Ukrainian Soviet Socialistic Republic there was established Computer center of Academy of sciences of Ukrainian Soviet Socialistic Republic, reformed in 1962 into the Institute of Cybernetics of Academy of sciences of Ukrainian Soviet Socialistic Republic. In this laboratory in 1950 while it was as a part of Institute of electrical engineering of Academy of sciences of Ukrainian Soviet Socialistic Republic, under the leading of Academician S.A. Lebedev it was created the first in continental Europe and the USSR little electronic computer "MZSM".. From first years of the Institute activity it was conducted in-depth theoretical study of optimization theory, abstract and applied theory of automata, the theory of discrete converters, the theory of artificial intelligence, theory of programming. |
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Academician S.A. Lebedev |
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Methods and tools of cybernetics has been extended to such science as economics, biology, medicine and the study of complex systems. Thus there were laid the foundations of economic, biological, technical cybernetics, developed effective approaches to modeling and solving complex multidimensional problems. In addition to fundamental researches the great importance is paid to applied works. In order to accelerate applied developments of the Institute in 1963 there was established Special design bureau of mathematical machines and systems with pilot plant, and in 1980 – Special design and technology office of software, which made significant contribution to the implementation of the achievements of the Institute. |
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Together with researches of computers with a high level of input and internal languages already in the 60th the foundation was laid for the creation and implementation of mini-computers for scientific calculations "Promin" and family of computers "Mir", which became the foundation for the formation small computer industry in the country. In computers of this class there were implemented the innovative ideas of computing processes and architectures, which were then widely used in almost all domestic and foreign computers. |
Computer "MIR-1" |
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The results of work on a lot of control computers were developed series of wide-purpose computer "Dnepr", specialized control computer "Kiev" and so on. Creating the first domestic machine "Dnepr" began the development of industrial control computers. At the end of 60's the 30% of computers in the Soviet Union were ones, created on the base of researches of the Institute. Continued work on new principles of design of large computers has led in 1966 to development of technical project of large computer "Ukraine". It was not implemented in full, but it included many ideas, which in the future was used in computers in the USA in 70's. Thanks to proposed and developed concepts of computers of the Nejmanovsky type, there was developed and in 1987 passed to serial production the first Soviet super-computer with macro-pipeline organization of calculations "ES-1766", which at that time had no analogues in the world. At the same time it was started a new trend of Institute work in the field of programming – the development of theory and software for parallel computing. Suggested macro-pipeline principle of computational processes in parallel computers and detailed theoretical researches of relevant models and data structures for parallel macro-pipeline computing allowed to achieve a record performance in complex scientific and technical calculations and solving of tasks of information search in large volume data arrays. In 1970-1980 there were developed the theoretical foundations, practical methods and tools for the creation of mini- and micro-computers, which were oriented to different applications, as well as micro-computers with a flexible architecture and high technical and economic parameters. First in the country it was developed samples and started mass production of such computers. In 1975, together with scientific production association "Svetlana" it was created the first in country micro-computer on base of large integrated circuits "Electronika-C5" and begun its serial production. Together with organizations and enterprises of sector ministries there were developed the basic models of personal computers ("ES-1840", "ES-1841", "Neuron", etc.) with characteristics that have opened new opportunities in various fields of automation. Along with the development of methods and tools for creating computer there were conducted researches, related to the expansion of its application scope. It was been developing numerical methods for solving problems of applied mathematics and mechanics, the theory of filtration, nuclear physics and electronics. Methods of mathematical modeling and computer using in solving problems of automatic control acquired the great importance. |
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Established in 60's the foundation of theory of optimal decisions in the future lead to the creation of efficient mathematical methods and means of solving optimal control and planning. The most important of these methods were method of consistent analysis of variants, schemes of method of vector recession, generalized gradient methods of random search, methods of the theory of differential games and others. Due to their development a significant contribution was made to the theory and practice of complex processes controlling with computer using. |
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Microcomputer "Electronika-C5" |
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In particular, it was resolved important scientific and technical problems of calculating the optimal load steel, choice of organizational decisions for construction of pipelines, planning of petroleum products transportation on a single transport network, water management and so on. In 1963 V.M. Glushkov put forward an idea of integration of computer centers in a national network, building on this basis a National automated system for information collecting and processing and the Republican automated system. As part of developing of automated systems of various levels and purposes, in 1967 the first time in the country together with Lviv television manufacturer, it was developed an automated enterprise management system "Lviv", which contained a number of fundamentally new technical and economical solutions. For several years it has been implemented in dozens of enterprises. It was developed and widely implemented in many metal manufactured the one of the best systems for technological processes control "Galvanik", which in real time solved large complex of problems, related to control of galvanic process. Systems "Lviv" and "Galvanik" were ones of the first systems, which began recognized automatic control systems (ACS) in country, and as suggested the authors were awarded by USSR State Prize. At the end of 60's it was created a typical automated enterprise management system "Kuntsevo" for management of multiproduct companies of machine building profiles. It was widely implemented standard software-hardware complexes "Mars", "Mercury", "Bars" etc. At the end of 60's the Institute became one of the leading academic institutions, which favored the development of science and technology policy in the field of automation and using of computer technologies in many areas. It was created and implemented a unique computer-aided design systems in mechanical engineering, instrument making, transport. Generally, in 60-70's the Institute has developed and transferred to industry more than 30 original computers and computer systems for different purposes, which had no analogues. In the Institute there was carried out active work on mathematical software for computer centers of collective use. It was suggested innovative approaches to creating databases and their management systems, and methodological foundations of the industrial design of databases by using standard software and systems. Mathematical software of large systems, created at the Institute, was used in hundreds of organizations. Among them there were series of programs for automated training, planning and simulation, medical and biological systems and so on. It was begun researches of theory of dynamic systems control and its applications to create automated systems for control of objects with distributed parameters, processes, physical experiments and ecological systems. Together with the Office of pipelines "Druzhba" there was implemented an automated control system of pipelines. During work on artificial intelligence, started in 1959, there was created series of intelligent systems, including ones for recognition of images and oral language. Series of informational medical, biological and diagnostic systems were developed and implemented. |
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In the early years of the Institute activity the device "artificial heart-lung" was created to support human life during heart surgery. Later devices "Myoton", "Myostymul" and their modifications were developed and are still widely used in medical practice for patient treatment. A significant event in the Institute life was the creation of "Encyclopedia of Cybernetics", first one in the world. |
Encyclopedia of Cybernetics |
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Due to the relevance of scientific subjects, scale and breadth of researches, the Institute in the late 80's and early 90's turned into a comprehensive research organization, which included Institute of Cybernetics with learning center, Special design bureau of mathematical machines and systems with engineering centers, Special design-technology bureau of the software and computing center for collective using "Orbit". It had 6500 employees, including 70 doctors of sciences and about 600 candidates of science. In the early 90's, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, demand for the practical developments of the Institute decreased, and the maintenance of such a large institution became problematic. It was decided to structural reorganized the Institute and made reorientation of applied researches. On the basis of units of the Institute there were formed a separate research institutions, united in Cybernetic Center of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which today includes V.M. Glushkov Institute of cybernetics of National academy of sciences of Ukraine (the basic institution), the Institute of mathematical machines and systems of NAS of Ukraine, Institute of software systems of NAS of Ukraine, Institute for space researches of NAS of Ukraine and NCA of Ukraine, Institute of applied systems analysis of MES of Ukraine and NAS of Ukraine and International research and training center for information technology of NAS of Ukraine and MES of Ukraine. Over the years the Institute, along with works in theory and practice of creating high-performance computers, computing technology and problem-oriented systems for various purposes, intensively developed fundamentally new mathematical optimization methods for solving large dimension tasks, stochastic and discrete optimization, work on theory of differential games, simulation modeling etc. It was obtained fundamental results in the theory of programming, systems analysis, information security, theory and practice of creating knowledge bases, artificial intelligence systems, general management theory, information technologies, mathematical software for a wide range of computer tools and data processing systems, methods of forecasting. On the basis of obtained theoretical results it was developed applied information technologies to solve urgent practical problems: information technologies were developed for solving optimization problems, which had place in the modeling of economic processes, designing of heat objects, solving problems of ecology and environmental protection. These ones include a number of technologies aimed at analysis of soil state, rational construction of various engineering structures, including hydroelectric power plants, evaluating the effectiveness of engineering measures to prevent environmental disasters. It was developed effective methods for solving a wide class of problems of reliability analysis of complex technical systems, risk assessment of environmentally hazardous activities, creation of highly reliable systems for data protection. It was introduced new technology in software development – Inertial simulation. Geophysical information technology "GeoPoshuk" was widely introduced in the domestic and Russian organizations for integrated interpretation of geophysical researches of wells. Technology "RTS-methane" was developed and proposed to use for economics and mathematical modeling of schemes of methane utilization. It was resolved applied problems of space vehicles, soft landing of aircraft, finding moving objects in water and so on. A technology of registration, visualization and analysis of magnetic field parameters of human heart in order to diagnose it's illness was developed (with the Institute of Cardiology named Strazhesko AMS of Ukraine). An important attention of the Institute are paid to tasks of the National Informatization Program of Ukraine, particularly in information technologies for automation of government bodies. It was developed:
One of the important achievements of the Institute is creating in 2004-2007 a family of supercomputers for information technologies (SCIT) – high-performance computing cluster systems on modern element base. The possibility of effective intellectual processing large volume of data and knowledge base gives significant advantages. Already on cluster supercomputer it is implemented several information technologies for solving important classes of problems of practical application. Supercomputers of SKIT family combined in complex with productivity about 6 trillion operations per second. Through the Internet it serves the needs of the scientific community of NAS of Ukraine and universities and is one of the super-nodes in the international Grid system. This makes possible to solve fundamentally new problems of trans-computing complexity in science, economics, ecology, agriculture, technology, security in space and other areas. |
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Today in institute there are such main areas of researches:
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Supercomputer complex (SCIT) |
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Over fifty years at V.M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of NAS of Ukraine there were formed science schools of computer mathematics and discrete optimization, mathematical theory of computing system and artificial intelligence, systems analysis and stochastic programming, mathematical theory of reliability and theory of programming, which gained international recognition. In addition to researches Institute also carries great scientific and organizational work, which is directed by the Academic council of Institute – a collegial advisory body to control Institute activity. The Institute includes the Scientific council for doctoral and master's degrees. Postgraduate and doctoral training at the Institute involves many specialties in the field of informatics. Within the walls of Institution about 250 doctors and 1000 candidates of science were trained. Much attention is paid to work with the students. Institute has branches of the Department of computational mathematics of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Department of automated data processing systems and control of the National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" and Department of theoretical cybernetics and methods for optimal control of the Moscow physic-technical institute. Institute publishes three international scientific journals, which are translated abroad: "Cybernetics and systems analysis", "Control systems and machines" (together with International research and training center for information technology and systems), "Problems of control and informatics" (together with the Institute of space researches), collected articles "Computer mathematics", "Theory of optimal solutions", "Computer tools, systems and networks", "Cybernetics and computer technology" (together with the International research and training center for information technology and systems). Institute scientists published over 400 books and thousands of articles, which very often are translated abroad, received hundreds of inventors certificates. The scientific-technical library of the Institute has about 300 thousand units. The Institute coordinates works in informatics, thanks to cooperation with international coordinating organizations and participation of its leading scientists in the research and expert councils, and management of scientific program. On the initiative of the Institute it was developed National program of informatization of Ukraine and a number of laws, relating to its implementation. The Institute is the basic organization of Cybernetics center of NAS of Ukraine, National Committee of Ukraine in informatics, Scientific council of the problem "Cybernetics", Scientific council "Intelligent information technologies" of the NAS of Ukraine, Ukrainian federation of informatics, which is part of an international organization on informatics CEPIS. International scientific relations of the Institute cover a wide range of leading research centers in the world. Among them – International institute for applied systems analysis, Keplerian University (Austria), Zurich University, Institute for operations research (Switzerland), Technical university of Otto von Gerike (Germany), Yale University, University of Florida (USA), London city university and others. Much attention is paid to cooperation with research institutes of Russian academy of sciences and leading universities of Russia. Among them there are Computing center named after A. Dorodnitsyn, Institute of computational mathematics, Central research institute after O. Krylova, Institute of informatics, International center for astronomy and biological researches, Mathematical institute after V.A. Steklov, Institute of mechanics, Institute of mathematics and mechanics of Ural branch of RAS, Moscow physical-technical institute, St. Petersburg state university and others. Beneficial research relationships also are supported with research centers and other CIS countries. The Institute has extensive experience working with international scientific organizations, by support of which dozens of research projects were successfully completed. The Institute annually conducts international conferences in computer science and actively participates in many academic forums around the world. Scientific achievements of the Institute awarded two Lenin Prize, 29 State Prizes of USSR and Ukraine, over 40 personal and other prizes. National academy of sciences of Ukraine was founded Prize, named after famous scientists, names of which associated with establishment and development of the Institute – S.O. Lebedev, V.M. Glushkov, V.S. Mikhalevich, A.A. Dorodnitsyna, M.M. Amosov. |
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Academician of NAS of Ukraine M.M. Amosov. He made a significant contribution to development of biological and medical cybernetics |
Academician A.A. Dorodnitsyn. He made a significant contribution to establishment of Institute and development of its subject areas |
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Recognition of Institute is awarding in 1997 to V.M. Glushkov medal "Pioneer of computer technology" by worldwide computer society. Leading scientists of the Institute is elected as foreign member to scientific societies, honorary doctorates, professors of leading foreign and domestic universities. Today institute has about 700 employees, including over 400 scientists in 26 academic departments, including 17 members of NAS of Ukraine, 59 doctors and more than 160 candidates of science, 8 Honored personalities of science and technology and honored inventors of Ukraine. |
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